Lice are wingless insects and can cause problems in cattle, called pediculosis, most commonly over the housing period. Cattle can be infested with two different types of lice; (blood) sucking (e.g. Haematopinus spp. and Linognathus vituli) and biting (e.g. Bovicola bovis). Blood-sucking lice have thinner, pointed heads enabling them to penetrate the skin and feed off the blood of the host. Biting lice are surface-living and have much wider heads and large jaws, to help them feed on the outer layers of the hair shafts, skin flakes and blood scabs.
What impact do they have?
It is not uncommon to find a small number of lice on housed cattle and these tend not to have a significant impact on the host animal. However, if larger numbers are present, cattle will spend a lot of time rubbing and licking themselves in an effort to alleviate their itchiness. This can lead to hair loss and even weight loss, as priority is given to scratching rather than eating. Where blood-sucking lice are present in high numbers, it is possible that cattle may experience anaemia and weakness, as a result of blood loss.
It is difficult to quantify the financial impact of heavy lice infestations. Certainly the hides of affected cattle can be significantly damaged, such that they are of lower quality (the visible blemish seen on hides is known as ‘light spot and fleck’) and therefore value. The cost to the leather industry has been put at £20 (over €221) million a year.
It is very important to consider whether there is an underlying cause for heavy louse infestations; debilitated animals are far more likely to be affected by pediculosis, with chronic disease or malnutrition being the main underlying cause.
Lice can be picked up from contaminated housing but it is far more likely that they are passed directly from animal to animal.
As previously stated, lice and their eggs can often be seen on the skin, without the need for magnification. However, removal and examination with a microscope is the only way to check which species is present.
Lice can be controlled through the use of either injectable treatments such as IVOMEC Classic or topical treatments, such as IVOMEC Pour On and EPRINEX Pour-On in the UK or EPRINEX Multi Pour-On in Ireland.
It can be useful to know which type of lice is present on cattle prior to treatment as this may influence your choice of product. Due to their feeding habits, injectable treatments can only aid in the control of biting lice (Damalinia bovis); pour on treatments are effective against both biting and sucking lice.
When treating cattle with pour on products, it is very important to ensure the correct dose is calculated and that application can be made easily and effectively. Trying to treat animals that are not passing through a race or crush will make it much harder to ensure every last drop is applied!
Also, it is imperative that every animal in the group is treated, to avoid re-infestation.
New animals brought onto the farm need to be treated for the same reason.
Dairy cattle can be treated with EPRINEX Pour-On in the UK and EPRINEX Multi Pour-On in Ireland without the worry of having to discard milk after treatment; EPRINEX Pour-On in the UK and EPRINEX Multi Pour-On in Ireland is effective against biting and sucking lice and has a nil milk withhold.
While louse numbers decline rapidly following treatment, due to the feeding habits of the parasites, in some cases, several weeks may be required for complete eradication. Cleaning the housing area should help.
Mites belong to the same class as spiders and ticks. Infestation by mites is called acariasis and mange is the term used to describe the clinical presentation of mite infestation in cattle.
There are two types of mites; burrowing and non-burrowing.
What impact do they have?
Mites feed on blood and lymph (burrowing), or dead skin cells and secretions (non-burrowing) and most spend their entire life on the host animal. Transmission
Burrowing mites crawl deep into the layers of the skin, where they pierce the surface and feed on blood and lymph fluid. Sarcoptes
Non-burrowing mites, such as Demodex
Persistent scratching, rubbing and licking can not only lead to hide damage, but also to reduced productivity. Persistent scratching, rubbing and licking can lead to reduced productivity, with milk drop and reduced body condition a common outcome. Dairy cattle are particularly afflicted with chorioptic mange when housed. Mites are found mainly on the hind legs and around the udder, so cows coming into the parlour are often very fidgety, can kick out because of irritation and have decreased milk production.
Female mites lay eggs, some at a rate of 1 per day. The eggs hatch to release larvae, with all stages of development occurring on the host animal. It takes approximately 3 weeks from egg hatch to adult stage.
Chorioptes
Unlike lice, mites are not visible to the naked eye and skin scrapes are required to collect mites and examine them under a microscope. Burrowing mites such as Sarcoptes and the non-burrowing mite Demodex reside in deep layers of the skin, so scrapings need to be deep enough to increase the chances of collecting mites for identification.
Pour on and injectable ivermectin IVOMEC Classic
While mite numbers decline rapidly following treatment, due to the feeding habits of the parasites, in some cases several weeks may be required for complete eradication. Cleaning of the housing area can help.
*IVOMEC Classic
IVOMEC Classic Injection – treats Sarcoptes
References:
EPRINEX® the first dairy and beef eprinomectin wormer with zero-milk withhold was launched over 21 years ago and is still the market-leading beef and dairy wormer in the UK1.
1. Kynectec Data, April 2018
IVOMEC® Classic Injection and IVOMEC Classic pour-on contain ivermectin for the treatment of a wide variety of gastrointestinal roundworms, lungworm and external parasites in cattle.
IVOMEC Super Injection provides a ‘three-in-one’ solution containing ivermectin and clorsulon in a single injection for the control of gastrointestinal roundworms, liver fluke and external parasites in beef cattle.
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